Question 1

Stimulate the skin to boost circulation​

Accepted Answer

Miyaji A, Hayashi S, Hayashi N. Regional differences in facial skin blood flow responses to thermal stimulation. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019 May;119(5):1195-1201. doi: 10.1007/s00421-019-04109-6. Epub 2019 Feb 28. PMID: 30820660.

Question 2

Improve natural skin cell turnover​

Accepted Answer

Cohen I. Stress and wound healing. Acta Anat (Basel). 1979;103(2):134-41. doi: 10.1159/000145004. PMID: 419925​

Question 3

Optimize absorption of moisturizers ​

Accepted Answer

Park JH, Lee JW, Kim YC, Prausnitz MR. The effect of heat on skin permeability. Int J Pharm. 2008 Jul 9;359(1-2):94-103. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.032. Epub 2008 Mar 29. PMID: 18455889; PMCID: PMC2464624. ​ Szunerits S, Boukherroub R. Heat: A Highly Efficient Skin Enhancer for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2018 Feb 15;6:15. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00015. PMID: 29497609; PMCID: PMC5818408. ​ Shahzad Y, Louw R, Gerber M, du Plessis J. Breaching the skin barrier through temperature modulations. J Control Release. 2015 Mar 28;202:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.019. Epub 2015 Jan 20. PMID: 25616160. ​ Jung EC, Zhu H, Zou Y, Elmahdy A, Cao Y, Hui X, Maibach HI. Effect of ultrasound and heat on percutaneous absorption of l-ascorbic acid: human in vitro studies on Franz cell and Petri dish systems. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2016 Dec;38(6):646-650. doi: 10.1111/ics.12350. Epub 2016 Jul 28. PMID: 27380114.

Question 4

Constrict blood vessels to reduce redness​

Accepted Answer

Gniadecka M, Lock-Andersen J, de Fine Olivarius F, Wulf HC. Skin temperature and phototest evaluation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed1996 Oct;12(5):189-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.1996.tb00198.x. PMID: 9112276. ​

Question 5

Relieve irritation from allergies or crying​

Accepted Answer

Oono Y, Wang K, Atiş ES, Arendt-Nielsen L. Thermal application modulates orofacial somatosensory perception in healthy men and women. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Mar;124(3):581-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.08.025. Epub 2012 Oct 1. PMID: 23036183. ​

Question 6

Reduce appearance of open pores ​

Accepted Answer

Lee SJ, Seok J, Jeong SY, Park KY, Li K, Seo SJ. Facial Pores: Definition, Causes, and Treatment Options. Dermatol Surg. 2016 Mar;42(3):277-85. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000657. PMID: 26918966. ​ Hameed A, Akhtar N, Khan HMS, Asrar M. Skin sebum and skin elasticity: Major influencing factors for facial pores. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Dec;18(6):1968-1974. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12933. Epub 2019 Apr 13. PMID: 30980606.

Question 7

Tighten skin to smooth out wrinkles​

Accepted Answer

Chan HH, Yu CS, Shek S, Yeung CK, Kono T, Wei WI. A prospective, split face, single-blinded study looking at the use of an infrared device with contact cooling in the treatment of skin laxity in Asians. Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Feb;40(2):146-52. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20586. PMID: 18306155. ​

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